Chapter 4

Formulating Research Hypotheses

Defining Variables as Sets of Values

    Distinguishing Between Variables and Values

Operational Definitions

    Operational Definitions and Labels

    Defining Nonquantifiable Variables

    Eliminating Ambiguity

    Specificity and Vulnerability

Variables and Hypotheses

Pseudohypotheses

    Converting Pseudohypotheses into Hypotheses

Hypotheses and the Related Literature

    Directional Hypotheses

    Nondirectional Hypotheses

Generating Your Own Hypothesis