SECTION III

CHAPTER 7

EVALUATING, LOCATING, AND CONSTRUCTING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Measuring Instruments and Operational Definitions

Reliability and Validity

    The Meaning of Test Validity

    The Meaning of Test Reliability

    The Relationship between Validity and Reliability

Determining Reliability

    Test-Retest Reliability

    Parallel Forms Reliability

    Split-Half Reliability

    The Kuder-Richardson Formulas and Cronbach's Alpha

    Interrater Reliability

Reliability of Different Kinds of Tests

    The Nature of Test Scores

    Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

    Objective Measures

Determining Validity

Construct Validity

Content Validity

    Determinng Academic Content

    Proportional Numbers of Items

Criterion-Related Validity

Selecting Measuring Instruments

    Types of Measuring Instruments

    commercially Available Tests

    Constructing Your Own Measuring Instrument

    Questionnaires

    Attitudinal Scales