JOHNSON AND JOHNSON COOPERATIVE LEARNING NOTES

COOPERATIVE LEARNING AND GOAL STRUCTURES.

[After Johnson and Johnson, 1979]

THREE KINDS OF GOAL STRUCTURES:

1. INDIVIDUALISTIC (E.G., PROGRAMMED LEARNING)

2. COMPETITIVE (E.G., CURVED GRADING SYSTEMS)

3. COOPERATIVE (E.G., GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING AND TEAMS)

GOAL STRUCTURES AND EVALUATION:

1. INDIVIDUALISTIC

CRITERION-REFERENCED EVALUATION
MASTERY GRADING SYSTEMS
INDIVIDUAL REWARDS

2. COMPETITIVE

NORM-REFERENCED EVALUATION
CURVED GRADING SYSTEMS
INDIVIDUAL REWARDS

3. COOPERATION

CRITERION-REFERENCED EVALUATION
MASTERY GRADING SYSTEMS
GROUP REWARDS

SIX ATTRIBUTES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING:

1. POSITIVE INTERDEPENDENCE
2. INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY
3. HETEROGENEOUS TEAMS
4. TEACHER AS FACILITATOR
5. SOCIAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
6. FACE-TO-FACE PROBLEM SOLVING

This WWW site has been constructed by Lawrence W. Sherman. I wish to acknowledge the support of the Center for Human Development, Learning and Teaching AND the Department of Educational Psychology . Please send any comments and suggestions about this home page toLawence W. Sherman.

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